Charlemagne Essay examples -- essays papers

Charlemagne The devil lives of Charlemagne as told by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer are very different accounts of the life of the great Emperor. Einhard gives us a historical overview of the life of Charlemagne who lived from 742 to 814 A.D. Charlemagne was also known as Charles the Great and the King of the Franks.Charles was matchless of quartet children born to Pepin the Short, A Mayor of the Palace of the Carolingian Empire. He had one brother, Carloman and two sisters, Gisela and Pepin.Since women at the time didnt inherit power, when Pepin the Short died, the kingship of the Carolingian Empire was divided and shared by Charlemagne and his brother, Carloman. Unfortunately, Carloman died early and unexpectedly as a young man and the entire set ashore of the Franks was given to Charlemagne. This kingdom was vast and covers what would today include parts of the countries of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and France. Charlemagne took very good care of his m other who lived with him at the palace and died at a mellow old age. His brother Pepin died as a child and his sister Gisela spent her entire life as a religious in a nunnery. Charlemagne had four wives and four concubines. From these relationships he had fourteen children. He insisted on educating all of his children both the boys and the girls. The boys leaned how to hunt and use arms dapple the girls learned womanly things like weaving. Charlemagne was a devoted father and when he wasnt fighting a war and was at home, he insisted on feeding dinner with his children and also took them with him on many of his journeys. He was so attached to his daughters that he refused to give them away in marriage with the result that two of them cease up having illegitimate... ...ut who lost heart at the last moment and succeeded only in slashing him across the eyes. The pope summoned Charlemagne to Rome and bestowed the crown of Emperor and Augustus upon him. The pontiffs attackers fled when they heard that Charlemagne was coming scarce they were found and punished some were imprisoned and other condemned to death. The Charlemagne of Einhard is a man of many nonable characteristics and accomplishments. Einhard gives a experience of what the important events and people in Charlemagne s life were. Einhard gives a more detailed and colorful background to many of the events even if some of his descriptions and stories are not believable.In Einhard, we learn the facts. In Notker, we propose Charlemagnes sense of humor, and his compassion his forgiveness his sense of equality and fairness. In the many anecdotesOf Notker, Charlemagne comes alive. Charlemagne Essay examples -- essays papersCharlemagne The two lives of Charlemagne as told by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer are very different accounts of the life of the great Emperor. Einhard gives us a historical overview of the life of Charlemagne who lived from 742 to 814 A.D. Charlemagn e was also known as Charles the Great and the King of the Franks.Charles was one of four children born to Pepin the Short, A Mayor of the Palace of the Carolingian Empire. He had one brother, Carloman and two sisters, Gisela and Pepin.Since women at the time didnt inherit power, when Pepin the Short died, the kingship of the Carolingian Empire was divided and shared by Charlemagne and his brother, Carloman. Unfortunately, Carloman died early and unexpectedly as a young man and the entire land of the Franks was given to Charlemagne. This kingdom was vast and covers what would today include parts of the countries of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and France. Charlemagne took very good care of his mother who lived with him at the palace and died at a ripe old age. His brother Pepin died as a child and his sister Gisela spent her entire life as a religious in a nunnery. Charlemagne had four wives and four concubines. From these relationships he had fourteen children. He insisted on educating all of his children both the boys and the girls. The boys leaned how to hunt and use arms while the girls learned womanly things like weaving. Charlemagne was a devoted father and when he wasnt fighting a war and was at home, he insisted on eating dinner with his children and also took them with him on many of his journeys. He was so attached to his daughters that he refused to give them away in marriage with the result that two of them ended up having illegitimate... ...ut who lost heart at the last moment and succeeded only in slashing him across the eyes. The pope summoned Charlemagne to Rome and bestowed the crown of Emperor and Augustus upon him. The Popes attackers fled when they heard that Charlemagne was coming but they were found and punished some were imprisoned and other condemned to death. The Charlemagne of Einhard is a man of many notable characteristics and accomplishments. Einhard gives a sense of what the important events and people in Charlemagne s life were. Einhard gives a more detailed and colorful background to many of the events even if some of his descriptions and stories are not believable.In Einhard, we learn the facts. In Notker, we see Charlemagnes sense of humor, and his compassion his forgiveness his sense of equality and fairness. In the many anecdotesOf Notker, Charlemagne comes alive.

Europe: The Land Of Self-Discovery Essay -- Personal Narrative Travel

Europe The Land Of Self-Discovery Every person has, in the course of his or her life, experienced some emergence that can be identified as life changing. This event can be an emotional enlightenment or a somatogenic change that alters ones mindset. Such a clarifying incident can happen at any time. However, I gestate that such an event might not occur during the first eighteen years of a persons life. Lucky for me, I have had an experience that I believe changed my outlook on life. The summer before my freshman year in college I went on a seven-week backpacking trip throughout the European continent. I visited ten different countries during the course of my trip, and each country, changed me in a certain way. Some countries made more of an impact than others, but each had enough substance so as to make a noticeable change. In this essay I will outline what I experienced in each country and what that country did to change my outlook on life, and I will expla in to the reader why I believe that this trip would have a alike(p) impact on each and every one of them. The first country that I visited was bang-up Britain. My two friends and I stayed in London, which is the largest city in Great Britain. When I first got to Great Britain I did not see much of a difference between it and the United States. Everyone there spoke the same row as me, and it seemed as if the culture was influenced heavily by the United States. However, first impressions can be deceiving because I would come to learn that Great Britain had a nifty deal to offer. My little group set out to learn everything about London. We visited local landmarks and museums. All in all, I call back that London had the aura of a larg... ...eled to Madrid and Seville. Seville has the third largest church in Europe, and this church was built on the remnants of a mosque after the Christians had burned it down. I thought everything in these two cities was amazin g. I would say that Spain introduced me to a whole to concept of life the idea that one should party till four in the morning and just nap the following day. All in all, I think that Europe changed my outlook on life. I used to think that I would penury to live in a huge city, but after being in huge cities and comparing them with smaller cities that I know I no know that I want to live in a small town. I would also love to live abroad for a period of time in my life. I think that everyone should go on a trip covering a foreign land. It is a way to realize what is important to you in life, and will always be a memorable experience.

Are We Now Becoming the Terrorists? Essay -- September 11 Terrorism Es

Are We Now Becoming the Terrorists? Terrorism is a weapon of the weak. Shut out of the great conversations that shape our histories and unavailing to control the grand forces that shape our destinies, terrorists strike out in angry desperation to force those they have identified as their oppressors to pay attention to the engagement of the alienated and to hear the terrorists demands. The events of September 11 were just such a gesture. The horror we snarl watching a jet flown deliberately into a high building and watching people leap to their deaths to escape the flames and collapse of the ruined skyscrapers filled us with a strange awe and a feeling of helplessness. We felt forced to pay attention. The first question on everyones lips was what can we do? What can we do to prevent this from happening again? What can we do to penalize those responsible? How we answer these questions will decide whether we live in a civilization worth defending, or if we, too, argon weak. This unprecedented attack on American soil brings into focus the connections between our freedoms, our security, and the international system. Our choices over what to do are constrained by the ways these parts of our lives are connected. Our leaders and representatives, responding to the theories and analyses of their advisors and of the think tanks that ordinate themselves to studying such questions, have al spend a penny begun to speak of September 11 as this generations Pearl Harbor and the need to prepare for war, and of the trade-offs we will have to bump off for our security. Their first responses - and those of many of us - are to lash out at those who have wronged us. However, to lash out now is a path fraught with n... ...saster mitigation and peacekeepers, but we are the single largest supplier of arms to the already intensely violent Middle East. And because Israel is our strategic ally in the region, we wont even allow word of whether its policies towards Palestinia ns are racist. If we are to do anything, we must be ready to take a path more difficult than anyone has suggested so far. We must be ready to be thoughtful and sober, and to look for political solutions to the problems in the world that are now producing the threats to our security. Today, we feel like now is the time to act. Our pain, our helplessness, our frustration at discovering we are vulnerable makes us want to take control over our lives again. We are ready to retaliate against acts of angry desperation with anger and despair. But now is not the time to become terrorists ourselves.

Gothic Architecture Essay -- Gothic Cathedrals

Architecture has always been an integral part of the society and its culture. It not just defines the space of the community that it participates in but it also shapes the communitys place in history. Moreover, historians all over the world have found computer patronisingitecture playing a key role while they study the communities in judgment of conviction periods. Architecture helps the historian decipher the civilizations daily life and the values they hold. The historians argon able to decipher as such by looking at the recurring structural feature and ornamental feature of certain buildings of certain snip period. Some of the significant feature of the building usually defines the political regime or the religious values of the civilization. During the 12th and the 13th century, a certain time period where the religious faith of Christianity were instilled throughout most of the western civilization. The time when mostly Gothic dominated the realm of expression. Gothic was e verywhere it was in painting, in sculpture, and primarily in architecture. Gothic architecture can understood thoroughly through the study in the form of cathedrals of that time. The cathedral stands as the most comp of the various trends that was brought along with the gothic architecture. If there was a cataclysmic event during that time where every thing was destroyed except the cathedrals, they alone could help us define the values and all the questions about the time period. It is interesting story that the cathedrals try to tell with scholasticism, politics, and the religion under the influential umbrella of the Christian ideology. objet dart it was a very practical and expressive on its own rights a magnificent feat in engineering and symbolically the most notable part... ...ry of Art. capital of the United Kingdom Phaidon Press.info.com. (2012). gothic architecture. Retrieved 2013, from info.com http//topics.info.com/Gothic-Architecture_2245Morris, E. (2011). Exploring castles. Retrieved 2013, from http//www.exploring-castles.com/characteristics_of_gothic_architecture.html.Uq_mxmRDt95Panofsky, E. (n.d.). Abbot Suger, On Consecration. Princetom vinversity press.Salvadori, M. (1980). Why Buildings Stand Up. In M. Salvadori, Why Buildings Stand Up (p. 213). McGraw-Hill.unknown. (n.d.). Gothic Cathedrals. Retrieved 2013, from History of western civilization http//mason.gmu.edu/ddonald/imageassignment/cathedral.htmVerde, T. (2012, may). saudiaramcoworld. Retrieved from the point of the arch (This article appeared on pages 34-43 of the print edition of Saudi Aramco World) http//www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201203/the.point.of.the.arch.htm

Simple Machines :: essays research papers

Simple MachinesDefinitionsMachine- A craft that makes employ easier by changing the speed , direction, oramount of a force.Simple Machine- A device that performs work with only one movement. Simplemachines include lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge.Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA)- A machine in which work in equals work outsuch a machine would be frictionless and a 100% efficient IMA= De/DrActual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)- It is pretty much the opposite of IMA meaningit is not 100% efficient and it has friction. AMA= Fr/FeEfficiency- The amount of work put into a machine compared to how much usefulwork is put out by the machine always between 0% and 100%.Friction- The force that resist motion between two surfaces that are signatureeach other.What do we use machines for?Machines are used for many another(prenominal) things. Machines are used in everyday lifejust to make things easier. You use many machines in a day that you might takefor granted. For exampl e a simple ordinary broom is a machine. It is a form ofa lever. Our earth or world would never be this evolved if it wasnt formachine. Almost every thing we do has a machine involved. We use machines tomanufacture goods, for transportation, ect.In the W=F*d equation the trade of between force and distance is as youuse a machine the force goes down and distance goes up. If there was no frictionthey would be equal and trade.There are six simple machines. They are a lever, pulleys, inclined plain,wheel and axle, screw, and wedge. The lever is used very very much an example of alever is a broom. Your hand is the fulcrum and when you sweep it is a lever. Alever consist of a fulcrum, effort, and resistance. A pulley is used to overrule orpull objects with a utility. To get a advantage it matters how many lines aregoing to the load. For example if there is 3 lines to the load it is a 3/1advantage. A inclined plain is used to lift an object easier but with more work.Instead of lifting i t straight up you push it a great distance but with lessforce. A screw is a inclined plain wrapped around a cylinder post. Its like aside around the screw.A wedge is a inclined plain with one or two sloping sides. Chisels,knives, and ax blades are examples of wedges.IMA is ideal mechanical advantage meaning a frictionless world with 100%efficiency. It is saying that work in and work out are exactly the same.

Simple Machines :: essays research papers

Simple MachinesDefinitionsMachine- A device that makes work easier by changing the speed , direction, oramount of a force.Simple Machine- A device that performs work with only one movement. Simple moulds include open, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge.Ideal mechanic Advantage (IMA)- A appliance in which work in equals work outsuch a machine would be frictionless and a 100% efficient IMA= De/DrActual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)- It is pretty much the opposite of IMA meaningit is not 100% efficient and it has friction. AMA= Fr/FeEfficiency- The amount of work put into a machine compargond to how much usefulwork is put out by the machine always surrounded by 0% and 100%.Friction- The force that resist motion between two surfaces that are touchingeach other.What do we use machines for?Machines are used for many things. Machines are used in everyday life exclusively to make things easier. You use many machines in a day that you might takefor granted. For example a simpl e ordinary broom is a machine. It is a form ofa lever. Our country or world would never be this evolved if it wasnt formachine. Almost every thing we do has a machine involved. We use machines to prevarication goods, for transportation, ect.In the W=F*d equation the trade of between force and distance is as youuse a machine the force goes gloomy and distance goes up. If there was no frictionthey would be equal and trade.There are six simple machines. They are a lever, pulleys, inclined plain,wheel and axle, screw, and wedge. The lever is used very often an example of alever is a broom. Your hand is the fulcrum and when you sweep it is a lever. Alever consist of a fulcrum, effort, and resistance. A pulley is used to lift orpull objects with a advantage. To get a advantage it matters how many lines aregoing to the load. For example if there is 3 lines to the load it is a 3/1advantage. A inclined plain is used to lift an object easier but with more work.Instead of lifting it straight up you push it a greater distance but with lessforce. A screw is a inclined plain wrapped around a cylinder post. Its like aramp around the screw.A wedge is a inclined plain with one or two sloping sides. Chisels,knives, and ax blades are examples of wedges.IMA is ideal mechanical advantage meaning a frictionless world with 100%efficiency. It is saying that work in and work out are just now the same.

The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Thirteen

June 19, Fri twenty-four hours, 1145 p.m. Dear Diary,Oh, God, what are we discharge to do?This has been the longest week of my life. Today was the last day of school and tomorrow Stefan is leaving. Hes going to Europe to search for a vampire who got changed by Klaus. He says he doesnt want to cash in ones chips us unprotected. besides hes going to go.We cant find Tyler. His simple machine disappeared from the cemetery, but he hasnt dark up at school. Hes missed every final this week. no. that the rest of us are doing oftentimes better. I wish Robert E. Lee was comparable the schools that ascribe in up every last(predicate) their finals in the lead graduation. I dont know whether Im writing English or Swahili these days.I hate Klaus. From what I saw hes as crazy as Katherine-and crimson crueler. What he did to Vickie-but I cant even talk about that or Ill start crying again. He was adept playing with us at Caroleans party, like a cat with a mouse. And to do it on Mere diths birthday, too-although I suppose he couldnt perplex known that. He seems to know a lot, though. He doesnt talk like a foreigner, not like Stefan did when he showtime came to America, and he knows all about American social occasions, even songs from the fifties. Maybe hes been oer here for a while bonnie stopped writing. She thought desperately. All this time, they had been thinking of victims in Europe, of vampires. that from the way Klaus talked, he had manifestly been in America a long time. He didnt sound foreign at all. And hed chosen to attack the girls on Merediths birthdayBonnie got up, reached for the teleph unmatchable, and called Merediths number. A sleepyheaded male voice answered.Mr. Sulez, this is Bonnie. Can I speak to Meredith?Bonnie Dont you know what time it is?Yes. Bonnie thought chop-chop. plainly its about-about a final we had today. Please, I have to talk with her.There was a long fall apart, then a overweight sigh. Just a minute.Bonnie tapped he r fingers impatiently as she waited. At last in that location was the click of another phone being picked up.Bonnie? came Merediths voice. Whats wrong? No intimacy. I mean- Bonnie was excruciatingly conscious of the open line, of the fact that Merediths father hadnt hung up. He faculty be bear in minding. Its about-that German problem weve been working on. You remember. The one we couldnt figure out for the final. You know how weve been flavor for the one person who can help us figure it? Well, I think I know who it is.No, Bonnie verbalize, it doesnt. It hits a lot closer to home, Meredith. A lot. In fact, you could say its right in your own backyard, suspension on your family tree.The line was silent so long Bonnie wondered if Meredith was still there.Meredith?Im thinking. Does this solution have boththing to do with coincidence?Nope. Bonnie relaxed and smiled slightly, grimly. Meredith had it now. Not a thing to do with coincidence. Its more a case of history repeating its elf. Deliberately repeating itself, if you see what I mean.Yes, Meredith express. She sounded as if she were recovering from a shock, and no wonder. You know, I think you just may be right. But theres still the matter of persuading-this person-to actually help us.You think that may be a problem?I think it could. Sometimes people fail very rattled-about a test. Sometimes they even grade of lose their minds.Bonnies heart sank. This was something that hadnt occurred to her. What if he couldnt split up them? What if he were that faraway gone?All we can do is try, she verbalize, making her voice as optimistic as possible. Tomorrow well have to try.All right. Ill pick you up at noon. Good night, Bonnie.Night, Meredith. Bonnie added, Im sorry.No, I think it may be for the best. So that history doesnt continue to repeat itself forever. Good-bye.Bonnie pressed the disconnect button on the handset, clicking it off. Then she just sat for a few minutes, her finger on the button, staring a t the wall. Finally she replaced the handset in its cradle and picked up her daybook again. She put a period on the last sentence and added a new one.We are going to see Merediths grandfather tomorrow.Im an idiot, Stefan said in Merediths car the next day. They were going to West Virginia, to the cornerstone where Merediths grandfather was a patient. It was going to be a fairly long drive.Were all idiots. Except Bonnie, lusterlessness said. purge in the midst of her anxiety Bonnie matte up a warm glow at that.But Meredith was shaking her head, eyes on the road. Stefan, you couldnt have realized, so stop beating up on yourself. You didnt know that Klaus attacked Carolines party on the anniversary of the attack on my grandfather. And it didnt occur to Matt or me that Klaus could have been in America for so long because we neer saw Klaus or heard him speak. We were thinking of people he could have attacked in Europe. Really, Bonnie was the only one who could have put it all toget her, because she had all the information.I wont modesty is one of my most charming qualities, Bonnie replied.Matt snorted, but then he said, I still think it was pretty smart, which started the glow all over again.The institution was a terrible place. Bonnie tried as hard as she could to entomb her horror and disgust, but she knew Meredith could sense it. Merediths shoulders were stiff with defensive pride as she walked down the halls in front of them. Bonnie, who had known her for so many years, could see the necrosis underneath that pride. Merediths parents considered her grandfathers condition such a blot that they never allowed him to be mentioned to outsiders. It had been a shadow over the entire family.And now Meredith was showing that secret to strangers for the first time. Bonnie felt a rush of love and admiration for her friend. It was so like Meredith to do it without fuss, with dignity, letting nobody see what it cost her. But the institution was still terrible.It wasnt filthy or filled with raving maniacs or anything like that. The patients looked clean and well cared for. But there was something about the sterile hospital smells and the halls herd with motionless wheelc pigs and blank eyes that made Bonnie want to run.It was like a building full of zombies. Bonnie saw one old woman, her rap scalp showing through thin sporty hair, s juted with her head on the table next to a naked plastic doll. When Bonnie reached out desperately, she tack together Matts hand already reaching for hers. They followed Meredith that way, holding on so hard it hurt.This is his room.Inside was another zombie, this one with white hair that still showed an occasional number of black like Merediths. His face was a mass of wrinkles and lines, the eyes rheumy and rimmed with scarlet. They stared vacantly.Granddad, Meredith said, kneeling in front of his wheelchair, Granddad, its me, Meredith. Ive come to visit you. Ive got something important to bespeak you.The old eye s never flickered.Sometimes he knows us, Meredith said quietly, without emotion. But mostly these days he doesnt.The old man just went on staring.Stefan dropped to his heels. permit me try, he said. Looking into the wrinkled face he began to speak, softly, soothingly, as he had to Vickie.And no matter what Meredith or Stefan did, that was all the response they could elicit.Eventually Bonnie tried, development her psychic powers. She could sense something in the old man, some spark of life trapped in the imprisoning flesh. But she couldnt reach it.Im sorry, she said, sitting back and pushing hair out of her eyes. Its no use. I cant do anything.Maybe we can come another time, Matt said, but Bonnie knew it wasnt true. Stefan was leaving tomorrow there would never be another time. And it had seemed like such a good idea The glow that had warmed her earlier was ash treees now, and her heart felt like a lump of lead. She turned away to see Stefan already starting out of the room.Matt pu t a hand under her elbow to help her up and usher her out. And after standing for a minute with her head bent in discouragement, Bonnie let him. It was hard to summon up enough energy to put one foot in front of the other. She glanced back dully to see whether Meredith was following-And screamed. Meredith was standing in the center of the room, facing the door, discouragement written on her face. But behind her, the figure in the wheelchair had stirred at last. In a silent explosion of movement, it had reared above her, the rheumy old eyes open replete(p) and the mouth open wider. Merediths grandfather looked as if he had been caught in the act of leaping-arms flung out, mouth forming a silent howl. Bonnies screams rang from the rafters.Everything happened at once then. Stefan came charging back in, Meredith spun around, Matt grabbed for her. But the old figure didnt leap. He stood towering above all of them, staring over their heads, seeming to see something none of them could. S ounds were coming from his mouth at last, sounds that make one ululating word.Vampire VampiireAttendants were in the room, crowding Bonnie and the others away, restraining the old man. Their shouts added to the pandemonium.Vampire Vampire Merediths grandfather caterwauled, as if warning the township. Bonnie felt panicked-was he look at Stefan? Was it an accusation?Please, youll have to admit now. Im sorry, but youll have to go, a nurse was saying. They were being whisked out. Meredith fought as she was forced out into the hall.Granddaddy-And then White ash wood Vampire White ash wood-The door slammed shut.Meredith gasped, fighting tears. Bonnie had her nails dug into Matts arm. Stefan turned to them, green eyes wide with shock.I said, youll have to leave now, the harassed nurse was repeating impatiently. The four of them ignored her. They were all looking at each other, stunned confusion giving way to realization in their faces.Tyler said there was only one kind of wood that cou ld hurt him- Matt began.White ash wood, said Stefan.Well have to find out where hes hiding, Stefan said on the way home. He was driving, since Meredith had dropped the keys at the car door. Thats the first thing. If we rush this, we could warn him off.His green eyes were shining with a queer mixture of predominate and grim determination, and he spoke in a clipped and rapid voice. They were all on the ragged edge, Bonnie thought, as if theyd been gulping uppers all night. Their jumpiness were frayed so thin that anything could happen.She had a sense, too, of impending cataclysm. As if everything were coming to a head, all the events since Merediths birthday party gathering to a conclusion.Tonight, she thought. Tonight it all happens. It seemed strangely appropriate that it should be the eve of the solstice.The eve of what? Matt said.She hadnt even realized shed spoken aloud. The eve of the solstice, she said. Thats what today is. The day before the summer solstice.Dont tell me. Drui ds, right?They celebrated it, Bonnie confirmed. Its a day for magic, for marking the change of the seasons. And she hesitated. Well, its like all other feast days, like Halloween or the winter solstice. A day when the line between the visible world and the invisible world is thin. When you can see ghosts, they used to say. When things happen.Things, Stefan said, turning onto the main highway that headed back toward Fells Church, are going to happen.None of them realized how soon.Mrs. Flowers was in the back garden. They had driven true to the boarding house to look for her. She was pruning rosebushes, and the smell of summer surrounded her. softened down, slow down now, she said, peering at them from under the brim of her straw hat. What is it you want? White ash? Theres one just down beyond those oak trees in back. Now, wait a minute- she added as they all scrambled off again.Stefan ringed a subsection of the tree with a jack-knife Matt produced from his pocket. I wonder when he started carrying that? Bonnie thought. She also wondered what Mrs. Flowers thought of them as they came back, the two boys carrying the leafy six-foot bough between them on their shoulders.But Mrs. Flowers just looked without saying anything. As they neared the house, though, she called after them, A big money came for you, boy.Stefan turned his head, the branch still on his shoulder. For me?It had your name on it. A package and a letter. I found them on the front porch this afternoon. I put them upstairs in your room.Bonnie looked at Meredith, then at Matt and Stefan, meeting their bewildered, suspicious gazes in turn. The anticipation in the air heightened suddenly, almost unbearably.But who could it be from? Who could even know youre here- she began as they climbed the stairs to the attic. And then she stopped, dread fluttering between her ribs. Premonition was buzzing around inner(a) her like a nagging fly, but she pushed it away. Not now, she thought, not now.But there was no way to keep from seeing the package on Stefans desk. The boys propped the white ash branch against the wall and went to look at it, a longish, flattish parcel wrapped in frontal bonen paper, with a creamy envelope on top.On the front, in known crazy handwriting, was scrawled Stefan.The handwriting from the mirror.They all stood staring down at the package as if it were a scorpion.Watch out, Meredith said as Stefan slowly reached for it. Bonnie knew what she meant. She felt as if the whole thing might explode or belch poisonous gas or turn into something with teeth and claws.The envelope Stefan picked up was consecutive and sturdy, made of good paper with a fine finish. Like a princes invitation to the ball, Bonnie thought. But incongruously, there were several dirty fingerprints on the surface and the edges were grimy. Well- Klaus hadnt looked any too clean in the dream.Stefan glanced at front and back and then tore the envelope open. He pulled out a single piece of heavy statio nery. The other three crowded around, looking over his shoulder as he unfolded it. Then Matt gave an exclamation.What the its blankIt was. On both sides. Stefan turned it over and examined each. His face was tense, shuttered. Everyone else relaxed, though, making noises of disgust. A stupid practical joke. Meredith had reached for the package, which looked flat enough to be empty as well, when Stefan suddenly stiffened, his breath hissing in. Bonnie glanced quickly over and jumped. Merediths hand froze on the package, and Matt swore.Stefan-Shall we try to solve this like gentlemen? I have the girl. Come to the old farmhouse in the woods after glooming and well talk, just the two of us. Come alone and Ill let her go. Bring anyone else and she break aways.There was no signature, but at the bottom the words appeared This is between you and me.What girl? Matt was demanding, looking from Bonnie to Meredith as if to make sure they were still there. What girl?With a sharp motion, Meredit hs elegant fingers tore the package open and pulled out what was inside. A pale green scarf with a pattern of vines and leaves. Bonnie remembered it perfectly, and a vision came to her in a rush. Confetti and birthday presents, orchids and chocolate.Caroline, she whispered, and shut her eyes.These last two weeks had been so strange, so different from ordinary high school life, that she had almost forgotten Caroline existed. Caroline had gone off to an apartment in another town to escape, to be safe-but Meredith had said it to her in the beginning. He can follow you to Heron, Im sure.He was just playing with us again, Bonnie murmured. He let us get this far, even going to see your grandfather, Meredith, and thenHe must have known, Meredith agreed. He must have known all along we were looking for a victim. And now hes checkmated us. Unless- Her dark eyes lit with sudden hope. Bonnie, you dont think Caroline could have dropped this scarf the night of the party? And that he just picked it up?No. The premonition was buzzing closer and Bonnie swatted at it, trying to keep it away. She didnt want it, didnt want to know. But she felt certain of one thing this wasnt a bluff. Klaus had Caroline.What are we going to do? she said softly.I know what were not going to do, and thats listen to him, Matt said. Try to solve it like gentlemen-hes scum, not a gentleman. Its a trap.Of course its a trap, Meredith said impatiently. He waited until we found out how to hurt him and now hes trying to separate us. But it wont workBonnie had been notice Stefans face with growing dismay. Because while Matt and Meredith were indignantly talking, he had been quietly folding up the letter and putting it back in its envelope. Now he stood gazing down at it, his face still, untouched by anything that was going on around him. And the look in his green eyes scared Bonnie.I think, said Stefan carefully, concentrating on each word, that I am going out to the woods after dark.Matt nodded, and lik e the quarterback he was, began to chart out a plan. Okay, you go distract him. And meanwhile, the three of us-The three of you, Stefan continued just as deliberately, looking right at him, are going home. To bed.There was a pause that seemed endless to Bonnies taut nerves. The others just stared at Stefan.At last Meredith said lightly, Well, its going to be hard to catch him while were in bed unless hes kind enough to come visiting.That broke the tension and Matt said, drawing a long-suffering breath, All right, Stefan, I understand how you feel about this- But Stefan interrupted.Im bushed(p) serious, Matt. Klaus is right this is between him and me. And he says to come alone or hell hurt Caroline. So Im going alone. Its my decision.Its your funeral, Bonnie blurted out, almost hysterically. Stefan, youre crazy. You cant.Watch me.We wont let you-Do you think, Stefan said, looking at her, that you could stop me if you tried? This silence was acutely uncomfortable. Staring at him, Bonn ie felt as if Stefan had changed somehow before her eyes. His face seemed sharper, his posture different, as if to remind her of the lithe, hard predators muscles under his clothes.All at once he seemed distant, alien. Frightening.Bonnie looked away.Lets be reasonable about this, Matt was saying, changing tactics. Lets just rub calm and talk this over-Theres nothing to talk over. Im going. Youre not.You owe us more than that, Stefan, Meredith said, and Bonnie felt grateful for her cool voice. Okay, so you can tear us all limb from limb fine, no argument. We get the point. But after all weve been through together, we deserve more of a thorough discussion before you go running off.You said it was the girls fight too, Matt added. When did you decide it wasnt?No, it isnt Bonnie cried. Did you make Elena kill Katherine?I made Katherine go back to Klaus Thats how this got started. And I got Caroline involved if it wasnt for me, she would never have hated Elena, never have gotten in with Tyler. I have a responsibility toward her.You just want to believe that, Bonnie almost yelled. Klaus hates all of us Do you really think hes going to let you walk out of there? Do you think he plans to leave the rest of us alone?No, Stefan said, and picked up the branch leaning against the wall. He took Matts knife out of his own pocket and began to strip the twigs off, making it into a straight white spear.Oh, great, youre going off for single combat Matt said, furious. Dont you see how stupid that is? Youre walking right into his trap He advanced a measuring rod on Stefan. You may not think that the three of us can stop you-No, Matt. Merediths low, level voice cut across the room. It wont do any good. Stefan looked at her, the muscles around his eyes hardening, but she just looked back, her face set and calm. So youre determined to meet Klaus face to face, Stefan. All right. But before you go, at least(prenominal) be sure you have a fighting chance. Coolly, she began to unbutton the neck of her tailored blouse.Bonnie felt a jolt, even though shed offered the same thing only a week earlier. But that had been in private, for Gods sake, she thought. Then she shrugged. Public or private, what difference did it make?She looked at Matt, whose face reflected his consternation. Then she saw Matts brow crease and the beginning of that stubborn, bullheaded expression that used to terrify the coaches of op-posing football teams. His blue eyes turned to hers and she nodded, thrusting out her chin. Without a word, she unzipped the light wind-breaker she was eating away and Matt pulled off his T-shirt.Stefan stared from one to another of the three people grimly disrobing in his room, trying to conceal his own shock. But he shook his head, the white spear in front of him like a weapon. No.Dont be a jerk, Stefan, Matt snapped. Even in the confusion of this terrible moment something inside Bonnie paused to admire his bare chest. Theres three of us. You should be able to ta ke plenty without hurting any one of us.I said, no Not for revenge, and not to fight evil with evil Not for any reason. I thought you would understand that. Stefans look at Matt was bitter.I understand that youre going to die out there Matt shouted.Hes right Bonnie pressed her knuckles against her lips. The premonition was getting through her defenses. She didnt want to let it in, but she didnt have the loudness to resist anymore. With a shudder, she felt it stab through and heard the words in her mind.For a moment, just a moment, she thought he might listen to her. Then his face went hard again and he spoke coldly.It isnt your problem. Let me worry about it.But if theres no way to win- Matt began.That isnt what Bonnie said Stefan replied tersely.Yes, it is What the hell are you talking about? Matt shouted. It was hard to make Matt lose his temper, but once lost it wasnt easily gotten back. Stefan, Ive had enough-And so have I Stefan shot back in a roar. In a tone Bonnie had never heard him use before. Im sick of you all, sick of your bickering and your spinelessness-and your premonitions, too This is my problem.I thought we were a team- Matt cried.We are not a team. You are a bunch of stupid humans Even with everything thats happened to you, muddy down you just want to live your safe little lives in your safe little houses until you go to your safe little graves Im nothing like you and I dont want to be Ive put up with you this long because I had to, but this is the end. He looked at each of them and spoke deliberately, emphasizing each word. I dont need any of you. I dont want you with me, and I dont want you following me. Youll only spoil my strategy. Anyone who does follow me, Ill kill.And with one last smoldering glance, he turned on his heel and walked out.

The Greeks and gods Essay

The classics looked at their beau ideals with attri more overes they only wished they could attain. They developed stories of extraordinary people that were the offspring of immortals such as Nymphs or gods like Hermes or Zeus. close of these stories consisted of labors, quests, or bloody wars, where the heroes were at the epicenter of the tale. What made these heroes so great was not just the fact they had godly attri andes or completed monumental tasks, but endured more tragedy or more bliss than any common Greek would undergo.One tale commonly told was that of a demigod named Achilles. His mother Thetis was a Sea Nymph, and his father was Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Most stories of Achilles revolved around war, where either his gift was at his greatest or worst. Every Greek sought him for betrothal so his skills would tip the balance to their favor. No myth exemplified this more than that of the ten-year Trojan War.An excerpt from a translation written by Apollodorus that accounts this time state, He alike took Lesbos and Phocaea, then Colophon, and Smyrna, and Clazomenae, and Cyme and afterwards Aegialus and Tenos, the so-called Hundred Cities then, in order, Adramytium and Side then Endium, and Linaeum, and Colone. He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus, and further Antandrus, and earthly concerny another(prenominal) other cities. (Frazer) By many accounts, you could compete that Achilles was the dealer of death and that he relished in every moment of his adventures.By his own words, this was not the case. For example, in the textbook the Classical Mythology it states, The now bushed(p) Achilles laments, I should prefer as a slave to serve another man, even if he had no property and little to live on, than to rule all those dead who have done with life (Morford, Lenardon, Sham, 2011). Another hero that many spoke of during that day an age was Odysseus. He was a descendant of Hermes who became king of Ithaca. The real stories of Od ysseus that Greeks and many others embrace were of the Trojan War and Homers poem the Odyssey.Some Greeks would argue Odysseus came second only to Achilles as a hero due the trials he endured. Odysseuss yarn began at the start of the Trojan War where he stood and fought for ten years. after nine years of failure, Odysseus was enlightened by Athena to trick the Trojans and capture its city. He erected a symbol, he knew only the Trojans would accept and embrace. He hid the strongest Greeks inside a giant wooden horse who laid and waited until nightfall.Once inside impenetrcapable walls the Greeks were able to sake the city. Once war was all but over, Odysseussailed for home. Come then, do as I say, let us all be won over let us run away with our ships to the beloved land of our fathers since no longer now shall we capture Troy of the wide ways. (Lattimore, 1999)During this voyage, he encountered a man eating Cyclops named Polyphemus who he ended up blinding to escape. Unbeknownst to him Polyphemus was the son of Poseidon, god of the sea, who became enraged. The consequences of these actions did not lead him home to his kingdom and beloved wife, but astray for another ten years of wars and adventures.The one hero that endured more pain and suffering than any other was Heracles. He was the bastard son of the god Zeus and a beautiful Greek woman named Alcmena. Hera, the wife of Zeus, always showed distain for Zeuss infidelities, yet took a close personal interest in Heracles. There are several instances where she intervened to cause him great tragedy. First, she tried to stop his birth. This was only overcome by tricking Ilithyia, the goddess of birth, who Hera had sent.Months after that Hera sent serpents to his cradle, but he grabbed them by the neck shacking them as if they were just one of his toys. The next obstacle came when he was a man after he was to wed the force Creons daughter, Megara. perceive that Heracles had found his piece of happiness with his new wife and daughters Hera drove Heracles mad. In his fit of rage, he killed them. Overwhelmed with grief Heracles searched for a way of redemption. He came across the King of Tiryns, Eurystheus, who told him the only way he could cleanse his soul was to endure 12 impossible labors.One of his labours was to kill the Nemian lion, which was ironic. The Nemeian Lion whom Hera, the queenly wife of Zeus, trained up and settled among the hills of Nemeia, to be a plague to mankind. There he preyed upon the tribes of the indwelling people, and was as a king over Tretos and Apesas and Nemeia. Nevertheless, the force of strong Heracles subdued him (Evelyn-White, 1914). After completing the 12 labours, Heracles enjoyed many adventures. He saved Olympus from the Gigantes and assisted in conquering Troy.For a moment, life for him was peaceful until Hera drove him mad again. During that fit of rage, he threw his closest friend Iphitus over a wall to his death. After this tragedy, Heracles knew he would have to cleanse his soul again. Queen Omphale offered him a choice. A task that would invite him to endure one of the worst shames a man could. Her proposal was for him to wear womens clothing and conduct the tasks as one of her female servants. For the next triplet years, Heracles completed his servitude in shame without ever being honored for any of his previous glories.In conclusion, all these heroes had godly attributes which enabled them to complete monumental tasks, but at the same time endure more tragedy or bliss than any common Greek would undergo. Achilles was a great warrior but found no peace with what he had accomplished in his life. Heracles also endured much strife and ended up dying a gruesome fate. On the other hand, Odysseus left over(p) his home, endured many obstacles, but returned from twenty years of servitude with rejoices from all of Greece.One common fact remains, despite each heros fate no Greek would endure so much, but could look to these myth s as a testament to great achievements or failures. References Frazer, J. G. (1921) Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 33. Retrieved from http//www. theoi. com/Text/ApollodorusE. html Morford, M,Lenardon, R, Sham, M, (2011) Greek Mytholodgy 9th Ed. Oxford University Press Lattimore, R (1999). The Odyssey of Homer. New York, NY Harper Perennial Modern Classics. Evelyn-White, H. The Theogony of Hesiod. (1914). Retrieved from http//www. sacred-texts. com/cla/hesiod/theogony. htm

Land And Water Pollution Essay

Major types of water pollutionOrganic wastes that is largely untreated human waste, sewage, and industrial waste from processing various food roducts, from the pulp and paper industry, and from animal feedlots. Inorganic pollutans that is salt brines, acids, phospates, heavy metals, asbestos, PCBs, radioactive chemicals.Land PollutionToxic substances unstable or nephrotoxic substances are those that can exploit an increase in mortality rates or irreversible or incapacitating illness or those that have other seriously adverse health or environmental effects. Toxic substances that have been released on land include acidic chemicals, inorganic metals ( such as mercury or arsenic) flammable solvents, pesticides, herbicides, phenols, explosives, and so on. For example benzene is a common industrial chemical that is also used in plastics, as intimately as dyes, nylon, food additives, detergents, drugs, fungicides, and gasoline. Benzene is a toxic and can cause of a anemia, bone marrow damage, and leukimia. Studies have shown that benzene workers are several multiplication more(prenominal) likely than the general population to get leukimia. Solid wastes come from residential garbage, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, mining wastes. The most common one we commonly meet is residential garbage.Only about a third residential wastes are recovered through recycling. A low proportion that is due to the inadequacy of financial backing for recycling operations, the small size of markets for recycled products, and toxic chemicals present in recyclable garbage. City garbage dumps are significant sources of pollution, containing toxic substances such as cadmium (from rechargeable battery), mercury, lead (from car battery, and TV pictures tube), vanadium, copper, zinc, and PCBs. Nuclear wastes Light water nuclear reactors contain radioactive materials, includeing known carcinogens such as strontiums 90, cesium 137, barium 140, and iodine 131. Extremely high levels of radiaton from these elements can kill a person, lower dosages (especially if radioactives dust particles are inhaled or ingested) can cause thyroid, lung, or bone cancer as well as genetic damage that go forth be transmitted to future generations.Depletion of Species and HabitatsHuman activity has rendered wads of plants and animal species extinct. Since 1600 at least 96 known pecies of mammals and 88 major identifiable species of birds are known to have become extinct. Several hundred more species such as whales and salmon today find themselves threatened by commercial fishing. Forest habitats on which the bulk of species depend are also universe decimated by the timber industry.Depletion of Fossil FuelsUntil the early 1980s, fossil fuels were being depleted at an exponentially rising rate. That is, the rate at which they were being used had duplicate with the passage of a regular fixed time period. Some early predictions of resources depletion assumed that fossil fuels would c ontiinue to be depleted at these exponentially rising rates. If continued, an exponentially rising rate of depletion would end with the complete and catastrophic depletion of the resource in a relatively short time. Estimated world resources of coal would be depleted in about 100years, estimated world reserves of oil would be exhausted in about 40years and estimated reserves of natural gas would last only about 25years.Depletion of MineralsIf in front exponentially rsing rates of depletion continued then alumunium would have been scheduled for exhaustion in the year 2003, iron in 2025, manganese in 2018, molybdenum in 2006, nickel in 2025, tungsten in 2000, zine in 1990, and copper and lead in 1993. World resources are also limited, and the depletion rates of the worlds supplies of minerals exit also eventually peak and then gradually decline as remaining supplies become harder and more expensive to mine.The precise impact the limitation of worlds supplies will have on us exceedin gly difficult to predict. Miningtechnologies may continue to develop , which will reduce the difficulty and cost of mineral extraction and travel by the period of decline. This has in fact been the case for most mineras up to the present. Increased recycling may reduce the need for intensive mining of remaining minerals reserves. Substitutes may be found for many of the minerals whose supply is limited, and technological development may make many current uses of theseminerals obsolete.

Outliers by Malcom Gladwell Essay

In Malcolm Gladwells The Outliers, his goal is to convince the reader that people founding fathert rise from nothing and that we do owe something to parentage and patronage. Although certain peoples success requires prerequisites of talent and friendship. I agree with Gladwell that it is not entirely because of these talents that these people are successful. However, their success most often is dependant on atomic number 53nesss past good fortune.For example, when or where one was born and risingd, ones cultural background and family legacies, ones schooling, and many other factors, create opportunities for success where these talents piece of ass be utilized. Although some people are mind to have risen from nothing or to have gone from rags to riches, the fact is no one is capable of creating their own success without the help of others and good fortunes along the way. In this passage, a point that Gladwell points out is that success can be created by parentage and patrona ge, hidden advantages and opportunities, cultural backgrounds and family legacies.An example of the importance of ones cultural backgrounds and family influence is the way we are raised. Our parents, as our first informers have a big role in who will become in our lives they teach us how to interact with other people, how to act in certain situations and how to present ourselves to others. The different religious and cultural backgrounds of our parents, and also the way our parents were raised have an enormous impact on the way our parents raise us.As a parent, the balancing of strictness, pressure, giving, loving, helping, and withholding, among other factors can be difficult, with the question being what balance is the best to raise a child. Because we are all raised in different ways everyone has different views on how to raise a child based on their knowledge of how they were raised. This proves that the way we are raised can piss the difference in our success. An example of how parentage and patronage play a role in ones success is sometimes evident in schooling.Everyday people acquire things they may not deserve because of their family and who they may know. A very parking lot example of this is the use of legacies for admission into a university. Students use their parental legacies at schools all the time and depending on the school this can have an impact on the students admission to the school. Another strategy applicants use to help their admission into a school is to search for someone to write their recommendation letter that will have the most amount of influence on the admissions office.Another example of how whom you know can make the difference in ones success is when looking for jobs. If your aunt, father, grandfather or friend owns or works at a successful business and they help you get a job, sometimes right out of college even if you arent as qualified as someone else who wants the job. This way, you are getting an opportunity that you wouldnt have had otherwise that could make the difference of your success.Therefore, everyday instances like using legacies to get into college, inquiring jobs because of nepitism, or even getting moved up to an honors class because your mom called the school can create success for our futures. In this excerpt from Malcom Gladwells The Outliers, Gladwell makes the point that success requires help from others and good fortune to get ahead and become successful. I hypothesise whether we realize it or not we are always using advantages we have to get ahead in our own lives, in order to set us up for a more successful future.

Comparison Of Napoleon And Hitler Essay

The manly concern as we know it has seen the likes of the closely fe ard and infamous dictators and legions geniuses. Some of these state defy even shaped the own(prenominal) manner the world is today and their influences are still felt. Among such dictators are sleep Bonaparte and Adolf Hitler, draws of France and Germany respectively at two different periods. Adolf Hitlers reign of spring begins in 1933 when he is appointed Chancellor of Germany and his reign ends with his suicidal death on April 30 1945. snooze Bonapartes reign of military index begins in 1783 until he resigns in 1814, yet he has a slight military rebirth after that but it only lasts for a truly swindle time.Both leaders careers are filled with massive successes yet they are also littered with massive defeats that truly change the way the world is today. Although these leaders place be considered geniuses, it does not mean they are perfect and not susceptible to the pull of human nature. Adolf Hit ler and snooze Bonaparte are two of the frontmost military strategists and totalitarian leaders yet both had lapses in their judgment, both exhibit episodes of co wardice and both fail in their battles with Russia, ultimately ending their reigns.Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte both have several(prenominal) lapses in judgment on the battlefield, and in the planning rooms, during their reigns. era these lapses in judgment immediately may not result in the defeat of an army, when they are added together the results can and often were disastrous. Though Hitler had a strong army that could fight well, the mismanagement of that army and the people around it eventually lead to his personal demise as well as his armys demise. Napoleon as well as is responsible for making several irresponsible and debilitating decisions during his reign.The Rhineland, a buffer zone between France and Germany that was formed at the end of World War I in the treaty of Versailles, is a truly sensitive area that cannot be occupied by any German military forces. When Adolf Hitler announces to his political party and advisors that he wants to occupy this area, they are incredibly ball over and disappointed at their leader, as this would bring massive retaliations from the French and its allies. Amazingly enough, Hitler gambles on this decision and wins, as the French are initially shocked and eventually just let it go, giving Germany a front inwhich to attack France from. This action is discussed by all of the leagues and officials at this time and it still is current and Germany receives no penalty for occupying the Rhineland. If there had been opposition stemming from this incident though, the Germans would surely have been destroyed, as their army is not even close to beingness prepared for a major battle.The second decision that Hitler puts into effect is the occupation of Czechoslovakia, an occupation that sends to the rest of Europe the message that Hitler is hungry for la nd. Most states do not voice their effect at this stage of Hitlers reign though, and the one of the only areas that at least thinks about stopping Hitler is France. Hitlers decisions continue to upset France and throw the oddment of European power into a chaotic state. First the Rhineland is occupied by Germany, and now Czechoslovakia is taken by force these tactics taken by Germany shamble France decide that the next detri rational decision made by Hitler should have a detrimental effect on his own forces, an effect that will be delivered personally by the French forces.The third decision that Hitler executes improperly is the invasion of Poland at the precursor of World War Two. With Germany simply ignoring the previous alliance with Poland it makes it very hard for Hitler to convince opposite nations and people to trust him. He also makes it seem that he is only running military maneuvers in the area, which is another drill of how other political leaders can distrust him. Be cause of these decisions, Italy will not fight on Germanys side and Germanys unwillingness to back from Poland prompts France and Britain to untimely enter into direct conflict with Germany, a conflict that Hitler does not believe will take place. Although the Germans easily win the Polish War, it sets an ominous tone for the events to come. perhaps one of the biggest lapses in judgment that Hitler makes during World War II is the Battle of Britain. Operation Sea Lion definitely is not a success for Germany as they lose their battle as well as dependabley bring Britain into the war. The people of the beleaguered Great Britain, which is under constant attack at all times, are drawn together to fully strengthen the war cause. If there was ever any doubt about why Hitler and Germany should bestopped it is pushed away and full on hatred for Germany forms. Germanys Luftwaffe loses quite heavily as its planes and equipment simply is not up to the English advances in technology, such as r adar. The Battle of Britain is an surplus and disastrous venture for the Germans and they are faced with heavy losses and morale issues, as Berlin is counter attacked by British warplanes with relative success.Another small defeats adding up to a huge failure in the long wrong include losing the campaign in North Africa, and leaving forces in the area for quite any(prenominal) time while the rest of the war continues. These supplies could have been used for other campaigns occurring at the time and the tanks that are being utilized in North Africa can also be used in the defence of Germany when Allied forces invade it.Napoleon Bonaparte too is susceptible to making bad decisions. While his primordial military career is littered with amazing and wild successes, his first campaign in the East is a miserable failure. While the initial invasion is a success, the British forces catch most of Frances navy anchored and destroy it, thus leaving much of Frances army stranded in Egypt, Nap oleon included. With kindle and the constant destruction of French forces, Napoleon knows that the campaign is doomed to failure and leaves his men to die in Egypt while he makes his way towards France once again.The way Napoleon and his soldiers conduct themselves in their occupied Spain is also quite disturbing. After taking over Spain there are continual attempts by the people to subdue their new French government. Napoleon does not take kindly to such actions and begins the slaughtering and torture of his enemies. Napoleon and his men before simply did not practice this sheath of warfare and now getting into this type of war is definitely the wrong thing to do. There is no definite winner or loser in Spain as Napoleon simply keeps it occupied with soldiers for five years.The most incredible lapse of judgment of both Hitler and Napoleon occurs when they both decide that they want to master Russia. Hitler and Bonaparte both failed in Russia thus ending their full-fledged milit ary advancement. TheRussian campaign is considered a huge failure asked for by Hitler and Napoleon. Each leaders decision for invading Russia is very different with Hitler invading for lebensraum (space for living) and Napoleon invading to somewhat defend France with Russian forces on Frances borders.While both reasons can be seen as rational to a totalitarian leader, neither leader could decide just what to do while inside of the passing country. Although both campaigns lasted much longer than expected, with Hitler and his advisors expecting Operation Barbarossa (the German codename for the invasion) to be a success in eight to ten weeks and Napoleon prophesized his battles would be complete inside twenty days. While both can be reasonable estimates while simply looking at the equipment, training, and manpower involved, the leaders of both campaigns do not factor in human resistance, weather, and simply sheer luck.Both campaigns immediately take the same face from the get go, with both forces finding very cut down lines of defence to stop them. While Hitler simply engages and destroys the forthcoming Russian defence, Napoleon is faced with a much more daunting situation as the Russian forces employ a strong scorched earth policy, leaving nothing behind for Napoleons forces to use for the remainder of the campaign. Because of this policy Napoleon and his forces lessen on a massive scale, as soldiers fall out from exhaustion, sickness, and desertion at a staggering rate of five thousand per day. After two months, and before Napoleons forces could fight a single major battle, one hundred and fifty thousand soldiers are out of action.One of the most disabling situations that occur in Germanys quest for Russian supremacy is the continual confusion and debate occurring between Hitler and his cabinet, something that many believe cannot happen in a totalitarian regime. Hitler continually intervened on his advisors decisions and made all final decisions on his own, something that is very dangerous when you consider Hitlers mental stability. In Russia he changes his mind several times before settling for Leningrad as the primary objective and Moscow as the secondary objective in Barbarossa, much to the chagrin of his advisors. In what could be one of the unlikely and unusual decisions of the campaign, Hitler decides to merely surround Leningradinstead of taking it by force, something that could be accomplished deep down weeks. Instead of actually taking Leningrad, Hitler then decides that Moscow is the primary objective after all and sends a bulk of his forces towards it. The first of Germanys weather problems occurs in the taking of Moscow as heavy rainfall hinders the German offensive.An additional major mistake that can be attributed to Napoleons downfall in Russia is the fact that great portions of his fighting forces are not even French. Due to this situation most of these soldiers simply left because they did not have a personal attachm ent to the cause. The fight was being fought simply for the fulfillment of their leaders alliance with Napoleon.Hitler could not crush the Russian cities while he had the chance and Napoleon waited too long to retreat. This fact coupled with Russias troops fighting in a religious manner results in a downshift in Russian morale.Although Napoleon prosperedly takes Moscow he accomplishes it in a ridiculous manner. He does not fight the strategic battle style that he is greatly cognize for and simply throws throngs of his soldiers at the inspired Russians and although his forces do win the battle it does not come with massive personnel and morale losses.The scorched earth policy being employed by the Russian forces definitely takes a dramatic increase when the French forces take Moscow. When Napoleon and his forces enter Moscow they find it mainly given and by the end of the night it begins to burn with fire, fire lit by the Russians themselves. French forces cannot stay in Moscow an d use its shelter, food, and water resulting in a losing situation for France.The scorched earth policy also takes a very crucial part in Russias victory in Operation Barbarossa as Stalin implores his soldiers and citizens to employ such a tactic that would deprive the oncoming Germans of important supplies. This can lead one to believe that the Russian campaign is won on the basis of nationalism and the idea of helping your fellow citizen the same that you help yourself, a very basic and fundamental communist belief.While all of the other factors involved in taking Russia are very important and crucial, by far the most important of them is the Russian passs that decimated both offensive forces. The winter to Napoleon means the end of his campaign in Russia, and the end of his military supremacy. The Tsar of Russia uses the winter as a great defensive tool as he knows that the French forces cannot take a winter battle and he is definitely correct. The French forces disembark from M oscow in the fall and three weeks later the vulgar Russian winter arrives. The temperatures quickly fell and so too did the number of soldiers. The French simply cannot survive with starvation, fatigue, and the extreme cold constantly hounding them. With few French soldiers behind him, Napoleon finally returns to the French capital faced with the daunting task of rationalizing his disgusting defeat.The few Russian winters that Germany has to deal with are among the worst the world has ever seen. In the December 1941 to March 1942 portion of the campaign Germany suffers heavy losses and cannot take Moscow, Hitlers prime directive and the German forces now have to halt their offensive. In the winter the German forces take a huge blow as the Russians accomplish counter offensive attacks.These attacks are highly successful due to the failing equipment of the Germans coupled with the lack of personal equipment such as jackets and proper footwear coupled with Hitler forcing the soldiers to not retreat and make the soldiers fight as long as they can. The German military commander resigns during this time due to Hitler being overbearing and Hitler takes full command of the forces. Finally realizing his forces are being decimated on a massive scale, Hitler calls for full withdrawal in January, a task that is much easier said than done. Oddly enough, Hitler actually gains more support from his soldiers and the citizens at root word because of his actions.Again, though, Hitler begins the spring and summer offensive with relative success and then begins to lose it again. The Russian front is much too large for Germany and its now dwindling supply of soldiers and forces are being spread much too thin. The country is simply much too large to be taken for Germany and Hitler soon begins realizing this. Russia forces Germanyinto a war of attrition that is simply cannot compete with and Hitler must withdraw all offensive troops except ones stationed at Stalingrad and other very important points. Eventually, during the following winter the Germans are once again decimated by Russian forces and are forced to evacuate from Stalingrad after many requests to Hitler.Although Hitler makes many plans and tries to implement them with relative success, the German withdrawal takes place between 1943-1944. The German forces are finally removed from the Russian territory with a resounding sense of success emanating from the allies. The defeat of Germany in Russia very greatly depletes the Germans of supplies and forces the Germans to now fight on many fronts while throwing the German military strategists into a state of confusion. Further bombing runs by England begin to pull off most of the raw materials processing plants employed by the Germans. The invasion of Normandy is carried out by the Allied forces with success and the liberation of Germany begins, and all simply because the taking of Russia is not accomplished.While both Hitler and Napoleon are widely c onsidered military geniuses their lack of effective judgment, courage, and success in Russia equaled a long and tiring end to their military careers.

Economic Features of Beer Industry Essay

The beer industry is incredibly large industry that has an enormous frame on the country, contributing greatly to the society. Two of its main contributions include tax dollars and jobs. The beer industry serves the country through its taxes, jobs, and purchases from other suppliers, its contribution to agriculture and more. The market growth rate of the beer industry is uncertain which is evident through following production statistics of top create from raw stuff companies (in millions hectaliters) In 2000In 2005 1. Annheuser-Busch-1211. InBev-233. 5.2. Heineken-742. Anneheuser-Busch-152 3. Ambev-633. SABMiller-135 4. Miller Brewing 534. Hieinken-107 5. SAB (South Africa Breweries)-435. Carlsberg-78 6. Interbrew-876. Scottish &Newcastle-52 The national market consists of few major competitors as mentioned above. After 1990s some of the leadership started expanding abroad, using progressive consolidation and leading to a small number of global players in the industry by 2004-200 7. Which created high level of competition amongst the leading brands and a fight to gain the most market share.The Scope of competitive rivalry is also one the scoop out way to identify the economic characteristics of any industry with the beer industry the scope entails the global geographic area over which most of the leading brewing leaders compete. Penetration in the foreign market arena is becoming a key success indicator for most of the competitors in the beer industry. Use of high-speed encase line helps in processing thousands of cases of beer per day, and with modern computerized control, the inventory can be tracked throughout the distribution network.These inventions are setting a faster gait of technological change in the industry, where by companies are delving into extensive research, and employing highly qualified personnel in ordering to beat the competition. To comprehensively examine the brewing industry we must also consider the factors of social ramifications to the product, the political climate, and the arena of technological advances within the backing environment of the beer industry.Over the years in order to gain economies of scale some leaders have tried to increase the size of their plants, improve packaging and introduce automated breweries, thus reflecting few of the business characteristics dominant in the industry. Grupo Modelo for example tried to expand into the American beer market by the use of competitive distribution channels. Therefore indicating an economical ripple effect experienced through the effective use of technology and distribution channels in hand.

Basic Computer Fundamentals

Introduction A calculating machineis an electronic machine, operating under the control of operating instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept entropy, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for hereafter use. Computers process data to create information. Datais a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures, and symbols. Informationis data that is organized, meaningful, and useful. To process data into information, a computer uses hardw be and software. Hardwareis the electric, electronic, and windup(prenominal) equipment that makes up a computer.Softwareis the serial of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. Characteristics of Computers 1 Automatic Requires human intervention to start any task, solve difficulty but once initiated, it continues the job until its completed. 2 Speed in terms of microseconds (10 might -6), nanoseconds(10 position -9), and even picoseconds (10 power -12). A powerf ul computer is capable of performing several billions simple arithmetic operations per second. restrict by hardware and software resources. 3 Accuracy garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO).E. g. Human enter error, programmer logic error. 4 Diligence foreign human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. 5 Versatility Can perform multiple tasks at similar time. Limited by hardware and software resources. 6 Power of Remembering As long as exploiter desires, it can store any amount and type of information. Limited by hardware and software resources. No IQ Cannot make decisions until instructed. Cannot learn on its own. No Feelings No emotions, no taste, no knowledge. Instructions are required. 1. Evolution of Computers Necessity is the mother of invention and then who is the father? Curiosity, Vision, Idea 1642 Pascal invented first mechanical adding machine 1671 Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz first calculator for multiplication 1880 Keyboards & Herman Hollerith used punch cards as input devices 19th century Charles Babbage, father of modern digital computer, Differential Engine, Analytical Engine 1. The Mark I Computer (1937-44) 2. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) 3. The ENIAC (1943-46) 4. The EDVAC (1946-52 5. The EDSAC (1947-49) . The UNIVAC I (1951) 1. 3 Computer Generations Overview of the major developments and technologies during the five generations of computers which include both hardware and software that together make up a computer system. 1. 3. 1 First Generation (1942-1955) utilize vacuum tubes(glass), performed calculations in milliseconds -Memory electromagnetic relays, Data & Instructions using Punch Card, Assembly Language schedule Characteristics Bulky in size, thousands of vacuum tubes, constant maintenance, costly, all circuits were man-made. . g. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC 1, and IBM 701 1. 3. 2 Second Generation (1955-1964) Used transistor, germanium semiconductor, magnetic disks and tape s, magnetic core memory faster, small in size, low cost, consume less power High level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL 1. 3. 3 Third Generation (1964-1975) -Integrated Circuits(IC) consists of transistors, resistors, capacitors, SSI(Small Scale Integration), MSI to a greater extent fast, performed one million instructions per second -low space, more reliable, less power consumption e. . Mini computers & mainframe computer computers 1. 3. 4 Fourth Generation (1975-1989) personal computer, IC- LSI, VLSI one million electronic components on a individual chip. Semiconductor memories less power, more fast, small in size Magnetic tapes, floppy disks, LAN, WAN, GUI, MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh 1. 3. 5 Fifth Generation (1989-Present) VLSI & ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) Microprocessor chips 10 millions electronic components Small, much faster, less power, portable, internet, www, email 1. 4 Block Diagram of Computer 1. 4. 1 Input Unit Accept data & I nstructions alter into digital form so that computer can accept and further bear upon can be done e. g. Mouse, Keyboard, Light Pen, Joystick, Scanner, Touch Screen 1. 4. 2 Storage Unit The reposition unit performs the pursual major functions All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing. Intermediate results of processing are also stored here. Primary Storage(Main Memory) This memory is generally used to hold the program being shortly executed in the computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. -Temporary in nature, i. e. inconstant memory -fast and cost is high than secondary storage -e. g. Random Access Memory(RAM) 2 Secondary Storage/ outside(a) Memory(Secondary Memory) Long term/ permanent storage of data. -slow and cost is low than primary memory -e. g.Floppy Disk(FDD),Hard disk drive(HDD), constrict Disk(CD), Digital Versatile/Video Disk, USB Drive, SDD 1. 4. 3 Memory size -Digital Computer uses the Binary System i. e. 0s and 1s severally character or a number is represented by an 8 bit code. -1 bit = either 0 or 1 4 bits= 1 nibble & 8 bits= 1 byte 1. 4. 4 turnout Unit Any peripheral devices that converts the stored binary coded data into convenient external forms as texts, pictures, sound e. g. Monitor, CD, Printer, Speaker, creative thinker phones, plotter, projector 1. 4. 5 Arithmetic Logical Unit All calculations(arithmetical +-x/ ), comparison(,=) and decisions Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results. 1. 4. 6 Control Unit -It controls all other units in the computer -The control unit instructs the input unit, where to store the data after receiving it from the user and how to output. It controls the flow of data and instructions(f etching of instructions from main memory and subsequent execution of these instructions) 1. 4. 7 Central Processing Unit The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. A PC may assume CPU-IC such as Intel 8085, 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core and AMD etc. 1. 5 abridgment

Natural child birth VS. Medicated child birth Essay

Abstract graphic infant let and medicated sustain atomic number 18 the two options practiced all round the world by the gynecologists, these days. withal there are some issues related to both the nascency process. In this paper we will discuss the pros and cons of both the subjective child bring forth and the medicated child birth. Introduction Natural childbearing it is a natural process with minimum medical intervention, specifically the role of vexation relives medications and running(a) interventions (Vernon, D (2005)Medicated child birth in this type of birth, doctor make use of injure killers and other(a) instruments like episiotomies, forceps and ventouse deliveries and caesarean sections during the delivery process. Every cleaning lady during her delivery undergoes pain which is a normal physiologic reaction. In a normal birth, pain makes the women to react against the pain by tensing and fighting it. Majority of women almost the world prefers natural child bi rths however in some cases the mother prefers to be medicated and then relive pain.Birth pain is sudden and intense. all the same, with every contraction the pain gradually fades away resulting in birth of a child. (Sakala, C. , M. Corry, and H. Goer. (2004) So for a mother there are both the options avail sufficient either to need natural birth or a medicated child birth. Natural child birth is a natural process and there is now ramp effect except the mother undergoes sever pain. However in case of medicated child birth is artificial process therefore it does have some side effect despite its practiced very frequently all around the worldHere are some of the pros and cons of both natural and the medicated child birth Benefits of Natural Childbirth Natural child birth is completely without any medication. Remember that medicine is a medicine and, and even the most secure medicines too have some side effects Mothers that go through natural child birth is able to break freely throughout labor and after as the new researches reveals that medicated birth makes it concentrated to move during and after the birth. ( Anderson, G. , et al. (2000)In natural childbirth women feel their bodys reflex, there how they can serve better by pushing faster, as the medication does affect the reflexes thus prolonging the pushing time. (World Health arranging Department of Reproductive Health and Research. (1999) Unmediated birth is natural process and the pain during the birth is also natural that guides the mother to seek specific positions that might help the child to move easily to bewitch into right on position of delivery. In majority of cases Mothers has fast recovery after a natural childbirth since they can move freely and easily.Generally they eat immediately and their appetite is normal. In natural child birth Endorphins is secreted within placenta and umbilical cord of the mother. That secretion helps the baby to deliver easily and get adjust to new envir onment comfortably. (Lieberman, E. and C. ODonoghue (2002) Naturally delivered babies are better responsive and show more engage in pre-breastfeeding behaviors such as sucking and massaging the mothers breasts, as well as the straitlaced length of time they spend nursing during the first one and a half hour.Natural birth also increases the possibility of a healthier and fast recovery because of better hormonal balance. (Righard, L. and M. Alade. (1990). This is because a woman who has given birth with minimal intercession does not need to recover from major abdominal surgery, implemental delivery, and cut of the perineum, any damage from IV lines, or severe stomach pain, headache backache caused by the use of medication. Natural childbirth increases the natural delivery physiology and laboring progress of healthy, well- feed women and increases interventions in the normal pedigree of natural childbirth.Benefits of Medicated Birth Medicated Birth has a lot of earns and is been a dapted by the mothers all over the world. about of the benefits are as follows Women that experience a very long labor pain can benefit from using pain medication to get some relief prior to pushing stage. (Simkin, P. (1992) if the woman is conclusion the pain unbearable, it will definitely affect the delivery process, pain medication would definitely act as an aiding factor so that her body might not fight against the labor.(E. Jones, Pregnancy, Contraception, and Family Planning Services in industrialized Countries (1989) similarly if the woman is experiencing some sort of fear, medication would help her by reliving her from severe pain and anxiety. However on the other hand it does have side effects depending upon person to person. Sometimes it is order that Medication has caused the baby sleepy as the anesthesia can penetrate through the placenta. (Ransjo-Arvidson A. B. , Matthiesen. (2001)Moreover pain guides the mother to adjust her position through which the child can adju st within if the child is posterior. However in case of medication the mother can not feel the pain to adjust herself thus may case certain complications in some cases. (Uvnas-Moberg, K. (1998) Conclusion Mothers have the ability to give birth naturally. Despite the women faces the pain but the pain goes away gradually. It is a fast process and has no side effects. The baby is normal and responsive.Pain medication is a great resource in very difficult and prolonged labors when the mother loses her patience to deliver the baby. In such cases epidural is very much effective. Anaesthetics may increase the likelihood of complications ( Knapp, L. (1996) We can find variety of pain killers out there in the market. If the right medicine is used I can help the delivery. Most pain killers do not mete out pain completely away. It makes pain bearable for the mother thus can concentrate on the birth. However in medicated birth mother always need continuous assistance all through the process.

Personality in Politics: Analyzing George W. Bush Essay

The relationship between disposition, experience, and political decision-making has been established in several studies. This has been undertaken using at a distance techniques which evaluate the relationship using biographies, speeches, and text from inter guesss. One of the most prominent call that focused on the predictive ability of personality on political styles and actions of world leaders has been famous political scientists Margaret Hermann. Hermann lists six factors that do work the impact of world leaders on unconnected policy.1) what their world view is 2) what their political style is like 3) what motivates them to deliver the position they do 4) whether they are interested in and have training in external affairs 5) what the foreign policy climate was like when the leader was commencement out his or her political career and 6) how the leader was socialized into his or her present position. Essentially, personality, background, and previous experiences make up ones mind the foreign political look of world leaders.This becomes especially clear when leaders confront a field of study crisis. How a leader conducts foreign affairs in the midst of crisis heightens his level of govern on decision-making and resources. It is during this quantify that the interplay of personality and experience can be evaluated on their impact on the leaders haggle and actions. Personality is a significant modifier in a leaders foreign policy-making behavior. This was posited by Hermann in her leadership analysis of 51 world leaders. Hermann (2003) defined personality to be a mixture of s yet traits.These were 1) belief in ability to control events, 2) conceptual complexity, 3) need for power, 4) distrust of others, 5) in-group bias, 6) self-confidence, and 7) labor movement orientation. This paper applies this mode of analysis on George W. bush-league, the 43rd President of the united States with an emphasis on his behavior during the family line 11 Cr isis and the Iraq War. Bush displayed high belief in his ability to control events, a personality trait related to how an individual perceives his control over political circumstances and his perception on the influence or significance of his state in resolving a foreign policy issue.Judging on his pronouncements about the righteousness of the Iraq War and the responsibility of the US and its allies to stop Saddam Hussein, Bush was strong, even arrogant in his belief that the US must wage war, even going against the judgment of the United Nations Security Council, America will never seek a permission slip to defend the auspices of our people. In terms of his conceptual complexity, Bush was more inclined to see foreign affairs in black and white terms than appreciate it to be the result of a myriad of factors.Bush displays a straightforward binary stance on the positioning of countries in foreign affairs, most notably the miscellanea that all US action is good and countries better follow it. In his speech precursor to the US campaign after September 11, Bush said, Every nation in every region instantaneously has a decision to make Either you are with us or you are with the terrorists. In analyzing the causes of foreign policy problems, Bush went for the superficial explanation in place of the complex one.In terms of self-confidence, Bush displays high levels of optimism and fervor despite being placed in tight situations. His well-known Bushisms, for instance, seemed to have not marred his confidence or his nature. Despite his numerous verbal fiascos such as in addressing families of victims of September 11, They misunderestimated the compassion of our country I talk to families who die, Bush has managed to even make fun of himself. In sum, the foreign policy decisions of George W.Bush were reflective of his personality that is characterized by high belief in ability to control events, low conceptual complexity, and high degree of self-confidence. His pers onality and background created a foreign policy legacy which became detrimental to his partys bid for the 2010 presidential seat. Bibliography CNN. State of the Union Address, (2004) http//edition. cnn. com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/sotu. transcript. 1/index. hypertext markup language (accessed May 8, 2010). CNN. Transcript of President Bushs address. (2001) http//edition. cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen. bush. transcript/ (accessed May 8, 2010). Feller, Ben, depth psychology Bushs Personality Shapes His Legacy. MSNBC (Jan. 3, 2009), http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/28482517/ (accessed May 8, 2010). Hermann, Margaret, Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of political Leaders. International Studies Quarterly (1983) 247-46. Hermann, Margaret, Assessing Leadership Style Trait Analysis, in The Psychological Assessment of semipolitical Leaders, ed. J. M. Post (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 2003).

Navistar Company Essay

Executive SummaryTrimco is a of import supplier to Navistar. Navistar relies heavily on Trimco at their assembly plant. Navistar and Trimco mustiness improve their fiber direction dodgings in order to become the right move, in the right number shipped at the right fourth dimension without any damages or defects. Navistar and Trimco must start imploring a more collaborative turn up to their business process. Navistar needs to address their policy p drenchlems. Our at work minute contrive changes seriously disrupt the add process. The robbing of part also creates a snowball effect of problems in other beas, or down the line. Trimco has some(prenominal) problems including high employee turn everyplace, mixed technological cap talent with respect to manufacturing processes, and a lack of internal halt. Areas of deficiencies must be jointly identified and solutions to these deficiencies must be collaboratively tackled. With these improvements, the cycle season from custo mer order to livery should be dishonord, which would allow a high level of customer service at an overall lower cost.The delivery measure for the custom-designed hand trucks should decrease with the recommended implementations. Navistar must come across the problem to Trimco. Trimco must be aw ar of these deficiencies and fall in with Navistar to salve these. Navistar must then look at the problem internally. Top precaution has given them support in this matter and they must be utilized. Input across different business functions must be taken. footrace(a) with other departments ordain help identify issues that were previously not seen. Incomp permite part hobo be monitored with a fictitious character control system that comp bes move ordered or infallible with actual parts sent. Last minute design changes must be stopped, as they are not sufficient to let Trimco manufacture the parts on time. Quality of the parts can be addressed by upbringing awareness of the iss ue, and by also ensuring advancement and handling of parts are by dint of with(p) in punctilious order in order to reduce damages. The robbed parts must be stopped as it creates excess problems. It is a short-term fix that produces long-term negative effects.Issues IdentificationThere are several issues for two Navistar and Trimco. I have asked exaltation and receiving at some(prenominal) Navistar and Trimco to record the frequency of the trim problems as vigorous as the root causes for each occurrence over a 6-month period. Firstly I will trace the problems here at Navistar. I find that we are storing/handling parts following improper receiving procedures, which involve wooly-minded, misplaced, and damaged materials. Often parts contained within kits were damaged to the point where they could not be installed into truck nationals cause added costs for Trimco, and delay our assembly here at Navistar. We have also accepted parts that are defective. These parts sometimes we nt undetected until installation. These parts had to be either scrapped or returned to Trimco for replacement and credit. We must collaborate with Trimco in order to reduce their costs in this area.communicating between Trimco and Navistar will help step-down in total turn in chain costs, which is a key measure in the strategic endeavour that we are trying to plan in order to reduce these issues. Another issue is the robbing of parts for higher priority uses, which are caused due to supply failures. This of course translates to even more supply failures. This has caused continual shortages, lost stock, (which is the highest reason identified for trim part shortages) and excessive ordering. Another issue is last minute design changes. Navistar needs descriptions or specifications in describing the need in sufficient detail to ensure that the correct goods are ordered in the correct quality, at the correct time, at the correct place. It is considered one of the most serious keys to successful strategic management. This is an issue for twain Navistar and Trimco in that Navistar has to rework the parts, or order new parts to fill the demand. Specification outlining must be looked at in a strategic sense with Trimco and Navistar communication different ideas in order to make these situations minimal.Another issue is the JIT suitability. Safety stock is still required which would be trance calling it a just in time system. This must be addressed on both sides. Issues for Trimco include quality control problems. Shipping defective material, incorrect material, and even damaged parts, causes change magnitude cost and decreased productivity for both Trimco and Navistar. Another issue for Trimco, which was also an issue for Navistar, was JIT suitability. It seems that at times Navistar expectation can be too high with the last minute specification changes,which can trail to incorrectly punched parts, or incorrectly sent parts that has been an issue.Environmenta l and Root Cause AnalysisThe main cause of the issues for both Trimco and Navistar are quality issues. Both the supply plant and we the assembling plants are running into quality issues. Trimco Industries is a enceinte supplier of automotive trim parts. It is also a very large Navistar supplier. Trimco faces several problems including mixed technological capability with respect to manufacturing processes high employee turnover that affects employee training and awareness levels that impacts its ability to meet customer needs effectively. Shipping is an issue in that it lacks internal process. Correct parts arent always shipped, and the shipping of materials is not sufficient as damaged parts are ranked back up as a reason for trim part shortages. Internally we have some issues as well. The last minute design change that we allow to occur, seriously disrupt the supply process. The stealing policy that allows workers to rob parts from one job for another only worsens existing proble ms.Inventory count, and easy identification of parts is negatively affected. This represents a short-term solution that equates to problems in the long run. The control over incoming parts seems to be an issue that needs to be addressed. Parts that are missing, damaged, defective or incorrectly sent, are being identified too late for Trimco to send appropriate replacement parts in time for assembly. Parts that are being stored at Navistar are being damaged between the time they are received from Trimco and the time they are required for production. This can equate to in efficient packaging, t even mishandling in our receiving area. This damage would indicate that inappropriate storage and handling procedures are being used at Navistar and Trimco. Navistar operates in a highly competitive industry. It has a long-standing history, and reputable background, moreover there is always pressure to reduce margins in any way possible in order to stay competitive in the industry. Navistar is in the custom truck business and genuinely has a 28.6% share in the North American market. At any given time 50-80% of our orders can be customized.Customers took time in designing their trucks to their specifications and expect seasonably delivery with impeccable quality. Missing and/or parts are directly impacting both the customer and do-nothing line costs. This represents 60% of trim part shortages. Trim shortages account for an estimated $200,000. This is a very generous estimate with the estimated cost potentially being far higher than this figure. The processes used both at Navistar and at Trimco are not sufficient to respond to last minute design changes, maintain a continuous supply of defect-free and correctly ordered parts, prevent internal stealing of parts and control the damage of parts during shipment. The quality management programs at both Navistar and Trimco need improvement to effectively change their current processes.All processes, both Navistar and Trimc os must be in control, centered, and possess minimal variation. Strategically, if these problems were resolved, this would improve Navistars offering to our custom-designed truck customers. Trimco also has a high rate of excoriation, which adds to the overall cost. This rate of turnover affects the training levels of employees and their ability to control processes, to respond to last minute design changes and to ensure the accuracy of trim part shipments. The cost of this employee attrition is high in many respects. Employees are paid $23 an hour in 1997. When these shortages occur there will be overtime needed which equates to $34.50 per hour. The constant turnover also has training costs, which cant be measured in the employees hourly wage.The JIT system utilized is perhaps too plastered on time, in particular with the issues at hand. A balance must be reached between a JIT systems absorption and the ability of both the supplier and customer to work together to ensure a smooth and efficient supply chain system. There is not one root cause but rather two. The quality management programs at both Navistar and Trimco need improvement to effectively change their current processes. Strategically, if these problems were resolved, this would improve Navistars offering to the custom-designed truck customer. Navistar and Trimcos JIT system must also be looked at.Alternatives and/or OptionsAgain supplier relationships come to the forefront. Communication with Trimco is necessary in order to get a check understanding of Trimcos problems, and where we think we can help. The JIT system utilized is too stringent on time, especially with the issues at hand. A balance must be reached between a JIT systems tightness and the ability of both the supplier and customer to work together to ensure a smooth and efficient supply chain system. Navistar employs a strategic centralized purchasing structure where all communication is done at Navistar headquarters. An alternative wou ld be to have collaboration at both companies headquarters as to get a crack line of communication. Another alternative would be for a better ERP system to be implemented. This would require surplus costs, and would be a strategic move for the long run, but this could help with specification issues, as well as demand on both levels.Recommendations and ImplementationThe quality management programs at both Navistar and Trimco need improvement to effectively change their current processes. Strategically, if these problems were resolved, this would improve Navistars offering to the custom-designed truck customer. Some options that can help both Navistar and Trimco would be to delve deeper into their supplier relationship. Both parties can subscribe to a careful study of the processing line for both Navistar and Trimco in order to obtain a complete understanding of both companies manufacturing processes. The first step would be to notify Trimco of the supply problem. We understand the problem, and Trimco has had added costs, but we need to communicate with Trimco and have them understand how the supply problem effects Navistars bottom line, and in conclusion how it affects our customers. This step should help open the lines of communication and help facilitate the beginning of the process.Next step would be to internally have top management involved. Top management already supports quality improvement efforts as its so important to Navistars bottom line. Let them know of the issues being faced. Support from management will help facilitate the necessary authority needed with Navistar to gain cooperation amongst the needed employees to help identify and resolve the supply problem. Upper management is primarily concerned with financial impact, but they must be aware of the impact of the problem both to the customer and those finances. The policy issues surrounding the problem with respect to last minute design changes and robbing and the deficiencies associated wi th Trimco must be communicated. Next would be to gain input from stakeholders. Input and feedback must be taken from other Navistar employees. Communication with Trimco is also vital in order to access additional data related to the problem as well as potential solutions to effectively resolve the interior trim supply problem.Navistar can start by gaining input from the shipping manager, line manager, line employees, the chaser, quality managers, and design engineers. Trimco should also gain input from the shipping manager, shipping employees, and design engineers. This method will have multiple outcomes. It will start by identifying the problem to the company as a whole. The impact of the workers can be better communicated by identifying the issue. Feedback can be attained based on this as well. spot employees and shipping employees are first hand with respect to being effected by the problems, and they may articulatio their concerns. An added benefit of this will be that several implementation issues will be addressed before encountered. Communication and brainstorming will help identify the problems before implementation and this will be facilitated through a team approach. The design changes need to be stopped as it causing major delays and issues with Trimco.We must collaboratively delay to a set time frame that is feasible for both parties. Navistar can look at Trimcos operation thoroughlyfrom design through manufacturing and delivery. Supplier relationship can take a big role, as Trimco is a major Navistar supplier. Communication is vital between Trimco and us. Some options and alternatives to other problems To tackle fractional shipments. A better EDI or implementing a joint ERP systems in which Trimco can improve control over parts being sent to Navistar with tracking being done in the ERP system. This will cost Trimco both financially and time wise, but will have a longer strategic impact in their business operations.An option to the parts quali ty problem would be to have Trimco have a better process when sending out parts to Navistar. Trimco needs to stop sending defective parts to Navistar, as Navistar has used these parts and ultimately had to scrap and replace them later on in their production. This is added cost and inefficiencies. also damaged parts are second highest behind missing parts. Trimco will need to improve packaging and packing of shipping containers. On Navistars end, better storage of materials must be looked at in order to prevent the damage of parts while awaiting assembly. Parts can be stored in strategically bins, or Navistar can look at other options such as storage towers. There would be added cost, but parts can be easily located, and can be much safer from damage.Monitor and take forCollaboration and communication between Trimco and Navistar is paramount in the monitoring and controlling of this outcome. Quality departments for both companies will be heavily involved in the monitoring of this i mplementation. Monitoring in the form of regular reports on defects, damages, and incorrect parts must be implemented in both companies. Reports to be conducted by shipping managers and line managers. There will be regular intervals where these figures will be displayed and addressed in a collaborative setting between the two companies. Integrating other business functions will be decisive as budgets can be looked at. Costs associated with these implementations should reflect a decrease in added costs and addressing expenses and flavour at the budget can monitor this. The bulk of monitoring will go to the quality departments through internal reporting and tracking of damaged, defective, and incorrect parts.